Nuclear power splits: China bets big while the West backs small reactors

The nuclear power industry is evolving along two distinct paths. In the West, small modular reactors are gaining investment, while China focuses on large-scale plants. Both approaches aim to meet rising electricity demand without increasing greenhouse gas emissions. China has rapidly expanded its nuclear capacity, nearly doubling output since 2016 to reach almost 60 gigawatts. The country is now building almost exclusively gigawatt-class pressurised water reactors.

In contrast, the U.S. has seen limited new construction, with only two reactors completed recently at Georgia’s Vogtle plant. However, interest in small modular reactors is growing. A micro-reactor developer recently achieved criticality under a U.S. Department of Energy pilot program, signalling progress in this area.

Meanwhile, Germany has taken a different approach by phasing out nuclear power entirely. The differing strategies highlight a global debate over the best way to expand nuclear energy. The industry faces key questions about which strategy will deliver new electricity faster. Concerns about nuclear waste also remain unresolved. These issues will shape how countries meet future energy needs.