U.S. Space Force races to deploy refuelable satellites after China's orbital breakthrough

The U.S. Space Force is accelerating plans to develop refuelable satellites, aiming to replace its current surveillance fleet with more agile spacecraft. This push comes as China recently demonstrated its own satellite-refuelling capabilities in geostationary orbit. Both nations are now focusing on logistics to maintain control and flexibility in space operations.

In mid-2025, China successfully carried out a satellite-to-satellite refuelling mission. The Shijian-25 spacecraft docked with Shijian-21 and transferred fuel, extending its operational life. This achievement highlighted China’s growing ability to sustain key spacecraft in geostationary orbit.

The United States pioneered similar technology with DARPA’s Orbital Express mission in 2007. However, unlike China, it did not move forward with operational refuelling at the time. Now, the U.S. Space Force is reviving this capability, planning to introduce the RG-XX satellites—next-generation refuelable platforms designed to replace the current GSSAP surveillance fleet. The shift reflects a broader strategy called *dynamic space operations*, where logistics play a crucial role. U.S. Space Command is pushing for greater satellite manoeuvrability, while the Space Force plans technology demonstrations in 2026 and 2027. Industry players, including Northrop Grumman’s SpaceLogistics unit, are already adapting DARPA’s earlier work to offer life-extension services for existing satellites. A recent report by the Mitchell Institute argues that logistics will be decisive in any prolonged space confrontation. Beyond refuelling, future capabilities may include in-orbit servicing, assembly, and even manufacturing—transforming single-purpose satellites into adaptable, long-term assets.

China’s successful refuelling test has intensified the focus on satellite logistics. The U.S. Space Force’s upcoming RG-XX satellites and planned demonstrations aim to restore its lead in this area. With both nations investing heavily, the ability to sustain and adapt spacecraft in orbit is becoming a key factor in space dominance.